2012-03-31: Stupid Interview Questions - Introduction + Reversing a Doubly Linked List
The source for this post is online at 2012-03-31-siq-reverse-dll.rkt.
Stupid interviews ask applicants to write programs on whiteboards or pieces of paper without the resources that are normally available when programming. These questions purport to be able understanding the applicant’s algorithmic design process, but the problems in question are almost always so trivial that no interesting thinking is necessary. Worse, many of these questions are really more about knowing inane tricks than having good design abilities.
Some students in my lab are always talking and worrying about such problems. I like to provide unnecessarily silly solutions to some of the questions. In this introduction to the series:
How do you reverse a doubly linked list?
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1 The Obvious
The naive implementation looks like this:
(define (dll-reverse! l) (define head (dll-head l)) (let loop ([last #f] [current head]) (when last (set-node-last! last current)) (when current (define next (node-next current)) (set-node-next! current last) (loop current next))) (set-dll-head! l (dll-tail l)) (set-dll-tail! l head))
The thing to notice about this implementation is that it takes O(n) time and is a tiny bit hairy in the order that the effects have to happen in, plus the swapping at the end.
I assume that getting this right is what interviewers are looking for when they ask a question like this. It would be even better if they asked about how you would validate that your code worked. Here’s what I did:
(define (dll-test make-dll dll-cons! dll-snoc! dll-fold dll-rfold dll-reverse!) (define c123 (make-dll)) (dll-cons! 2 c123) (dll-cons! 1 c123) (dll-snoc! 3 c123) (check-equal? (dll-fold cons empty c123) '(1 2 3)) (check-equal? (dll-rfold cons empty c123) '(3 2 1)) (dll-reverse! c123) (check-equal? (dll-fold cons empty c123) '(3 2 1)) (check-equal? (dll-rfold cons empty c123) '(1 2 3)) (dll-cons! 4 c123) (dll-reverse! c123) (dll-cons! 0 c123) (check-equal? (dll-fold cons empty c123) '(0 1 2 3 4)) (check-equal? (dll-rfold cons empty c123) '(4 3 2 1 0))) (dll-test make-dll dll-cons! dll-snoc! dll-fold dll-rfold dll-reverse!)
(Remember how we parameterize these tests over the implementation of the functions. We’ll pass in different implementations later.) And, by the way, this assumes we have this definition of doubly-linked-lists:
(struct node (last element next) #:transparent #:mutable) (struct dll (head tail) #:transparent #:mutable) (define (make-dll) (dll #f #f)) (define ((make-dll-cons! dll-head node set-node-last! dll-tail set-dll-tail! set-dll-head!) e l) (define head (dll-head l)) (define new (node #f e head)) (when head (set-node-last! head new)) (unless (dll-tail l) (set-dll-tail! l head)) (set-dll-head! l new)) (define dll-cons! (make-dll-cons! dll-head node set-node-last! dll-tail set-dll-tail! set-dll-head!)) (define dll-snoc! (make-dll-cons! dll-tail (λ (last element next) (node next element last)) set-node-next! dll-head set-dll-head! set-dll-tail!)) (define (make-dll-fold dll-head node-next) (define (dll-fold cons empty node) (if node (cons (node-element node) (dll-fold cons empty (node-next node))) empty)) (λ (cons empty list) (dll-fold cons empty (dll-head list)))) (define dll-fold (make-dll-fold dll-head node-next)) (define dll-rfold (make-dll-fold dll-tail node-last))
But, remember, my whole goal is to show silly ways to "solve" these interview problems... so let’s think of a trick.
2 The Trick
An important trick that functional programmers should always be ready to employ is delaying. Rather than actually doing work, just record that you should do in the future, so future operations will act as-if the operation has been done, or perhaps do (some) of it for you.
In this case, we’ll make dll-reverse! O(1) by simply recording that we should consider the list reversed for all future uses.
This, of course, assumes that the rest of the doubly-linked-list code is ready to pay attention to this flag. Luckily, it is pretty easy to do that, without really writing anything again:
(struct rdll (reversed? dll) #:transparent #:mutable) (define (make-rdll) (rdll #f (make-dll))) (define-syntax-rule (define-rdll (id arg ... rl) reversed-dll normal-dll) (define (id arg ... rl) (define l (rdll-dll rl)) (if (rdll-reversed? rl) (reversed-dll arg ... l) (normal-dll arg ... l)))) (define-rdll (rdll-cons! e rl) dll-snoc! dll-cons!) (define-rdll (rdll-snoc! e rl) dll-cons! dll-snoc!) (define-rdll (rdll-fold cons empty rl) dll-rfold dll-fold) (define-rdll (rdll-rfold cons empty rl) dll-fold dll-rfold)
Now that that’s all setup, we can re-run the earlier tests with these new functions:
(dll-test make-rdll rdll-cons! rdll-snoc! rdll-fold rdll-rfold rdll-reverse!)
3 Conclusion
This idea is the basis of a lot of efficient functional data
structures. For example, if you want to make append fast,
then just store "append nodes" in
your "list". (These
are called "conc" lists.) If you want to make
snoc/last fast, then store two lists—
4 Exercises
1. In this code, I’ve used a functional/structure oriented approach. In this case, an object-oriented approach could be more convenient for the user, because then they would be inherently parameterized over the set of doubly linked-list functions. For your homework, translate this idea to an OO setting, where "fast reversible" lists and normal lists just implement a common interface.
2. In this code, nodes and lists are distinguished from each other. Rewrite it so there is no such distinction, while maintaining the O(1) reversibility. (Hint: The hard part is telling each node that the list is reversed simultaneously.) (Spoiler: Have them store a pointer to a flag rather than a flag itself.)
5 Whole Program
By the way, if you use this code at home, make sure you put the code in this order:
(require rackunit racket/list) <dll> <naive-impl> <naive-tests> <rdll> <rdll-impl> <rdll-tests>